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The ageing of the ethnicminority populations ofEngland and Wales:findings from the 2011 censusA briefing paper from the Centre for Policy on AgeingJune 2013
The Centre for Policy on Ageing was set up by the Nuffield Foundation in 1947 and, in 2012,celebrated 65 years of policy analysis and information provision on older age issues during whichit has produced over 150 reports and reviews.CPA is an independent charity promoting the interests of older people through research, policyanalysis and the dissemination of information. The Centre aims to raise awareness of issuesaround ageing, influence the development of policies to enable older people to live their lives asthey choose, and to support good practice. CPA’s overarching focus since its inception has beenon empowering older people to shape their own lives and the services they receive. Thefundamental touchstone of its approach is to discover and advocate what older peoplethemselves want and need.CPA is currently working in partnership with the Joseph Rowntree Foundation to support theirAgeing Society programme which aims to respond positively to the opportunities and challengesof an ageing society.The purpose of this briefing is to examine the ageing of the ethnic minority populations of Englandand Wales as revealed by the 2011 census. It complements the 2010 CPA/Runnymede report, Thefuture ageing of the ethnic minority population of England and Wales which, using the 2001 censusas a base, projected ethnic minority ageing for England and Wales to 2051.The ageing characteristics of individual ethnic groups are examined and compared through keystatistics and the ‘population pyramids’ for each group. Centre for Policy on Ageing, 2013Centre for Policy on Ageing28 Great Tower Street London EC3R 5ATTelephone 44 (0)20 7553 6500 Fax 44 (0)20 7553 6501Email [email protected] Website www.cpa.org.uk
The ethnic minority population of England and WalesEthnicity is a self determined concept. It is a ‘multi‐faceted and changing phenomenon’ that mayreflect a combination of a number of factors including country of birth, nationality, language spokenat home, ancestral country of birth, skin colour, national or geographical origin, racial group andreligion. Because ethnicity is self assessed, the ethnic composition of England and Wales will change,not only as a result of migration and natural change (births and deaths) but also as a result ofchanges in perceptions of ethnicity. The classification of individual ethnicity will also changebetween generations. For example, even when both parents describe themselves as ‘White Irish’ or‘White Other’ they may describe a child born in England and Wales as ‘White British’. 1The 2011 Census for England and Wales identified 18 ethnic groups large and distinct enough forseparate enumeration.The Black, Asian and minority ethnic populations of England and Wales are not evenly distributedbut are concentrated in London and the other urban conurbations of the West Midlands, GreaterManchester and West Yorkshire. In 2001, 63% of the BME population of England and Wales lived inthese four conurbations. In the 2007 mid‐year population estimates this had fallen to 55% but it hasrisen again to 59% in the 2011 census.It has been argued that, over time, the ethnic minority population of England and Wales will spreadmore evenly across the country 2 . The evidence is conflicting. In 2001 nearly 70% of the three largestblack ethnic groups in England and Wales lived in London(Black Caribbean 61%, Black African 79%,Black Other 63%). By 2007 this had fallen to 55% (Black Caribbean 53%, Black African 57%, Black12Lievesley N, The Future Ageing of the Ethnic Minority Population of England and Wales, CPA / Runnymede, 2010Wohland et al, Ethnic population projections for the UK and local areas, University of Leeds School of Geography, 20101
Other 53%), but in the 2011 census this has risen again to around 58% (Black Caribbean 58%, BlackAfrican 58%, Black Other 61%). This compares with 8% of the ‘White British’ population and 15% ofthe population of England and Wales overall that live in London.An ‘Index of Dissimilarity’ calculated across all ethnic groups and for all local authority areas leads tothe general conclusion that ethnic groups have become more spread between 2001 and 2011 3 .3Simpson L, More segregation or more mixing?, Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE), 20122
Ethnic ‘minority’ groups now make up more than 50% of the population of London as a whole and insome areas, such as the London Borough of Tower Hamlets there are much greater concentrationsof individual ethnic groupsThe ageing of the ethnic minority populationAs greater numbers from the ethnic minority populations of England and Wales reach older age theirneeds will have to be provided for. Care home provision will need to be ‘culturally competent’ 4 andspecial provisions may be needed as cases of dementia increase.The ethnic minority populations of England and Wales do not form a homogeneous group and theirageing is very different one from another.The ethnic minority populations of England and Wales are however, in general, younger than themajority White British population with the notable exceptions of the White Irish and Black Caribbeanethnic groups.Ethnic groupMedian ageWhite Irish53.4White British42.5Black Caribbean40.7Indian32.9Other White32.1Other31.7Other Asian31.6Chinese28.7Black African28.0Arab27.5Gipsy / Irish Traveller26.9Pakistani25.8Bangladeshi24.3Other Black23.7Other Mixed21.0Mixed: White and Black Caribbean18.3Mixed: White and Asian17.4Mixed: White and Black African16.6The ageing characteristics of individual ethnic groups are best examined and compared through keystatistics and the associated ‘population pyramid’ for each group.4Bowes, Avan and Macintosh, Dignity and respect in residential care: issues for black and minority ethnicgroups, Panicoa, 20123
Ethnic group:Population sizeWhite BritishEthnic group:Population size45,134,686White Irish531,087% of total population80.49%% of total population% Male49.11%% Male47.91%% aged 50 and over38.66%% aged 50 and over55.00%% aged 65 and over18.80%% aged 65 and over30.74%% aged under 1516.34%% aged under 15Median ageMedian age42.50.95%5.29%53.4The White British population pyramid shows theclassic shape of a long established ‘mature’population with declining birth rates. Thepredominance of females in the older age groupscan also be clearly seen.The ‘top heavy’ shape of the White Irish pyramidresults, at least in part, from children of WhiteIrish parents, born in England and Wales, leavingthe group and their ethnicity being declared asWhite British.Ethnic group:Ethnic group:Gipsy / Irish TravellerPopulation size57,680Population size% of total population0.10%% of total populationWhite Other2,485,9424.43%% Male49.58%% Male47.47%% aged 50 and over17.99%% aged 50 and over16.65%% aged 65 and over5.94%% aged 65 and over6.26%% aged under 15Median age% aged under 1529.89%Median age26.9Gipsies / Irish Travellers are the smallest ethnicgroup making up only one tenth of one percent ofthe total population of England and Wales. Thedriver of population growth appears to be birthsrather than migration.14.60%32.1‘White Other’ form the second largest ethnicgroup in England and Wales after ‘White British’.The relatively large size of the 20‐44 age groupswithin this population may indicate thatmigration, rather than births, has been the maindriver of population growth for this group.4
Ethnic group:Population size% of total population% Male% aged 50 and over% aged 65 and over% aged under 15Median ageEthnic group:Mixed – White / BlackCaribbeanPopulation size426,715% of total population0.76%% Male49.59%Mixed – White / BlackAfrican165,9740.30%50.00%7.96%% aged 50 and over7.68%3.08%% aged 65 and over1.86%% aged under 1541.46%Median age18.347.23%16.6Mixed populations are the youngest, on average,as they include children from parents of otherethnic groups. Nearly one half of Mixed – White /Black Caribbeans are under the age of 18.The Mixed – White / Black African ethnic group isthe second smallest ethnic group in England andWales after Gipsies / Irish Travellers. It is also theyoungest ethnic group on average, with over onehalf of its members under the age of 17.Ethnic group:Population sizeEthnic group:Population size% of total population% Male% aged 50 and over% aged 65 and over% aged under 15Median ageMixed – White Asian341,727% of total population0.61%% Male51.41%Mixed ‐ Other289,9840.52%48.71%8.05%% aged 50 and over9.80%2.74%% aged 65 and over3.37%% aged under 1545.12%Median age17.4As for other mixed ethnic groups, the Mixed –White / Asian ethnic group is predominantlyyoung with nearly one half of its members underthe age of 17.39.42%21.0The Mixed – Other ethnic group is the oldest ofthe mixed ethnic groups but still has one half ofits members under the age of 21.5
Ethnic group:Population size% of total population% MaleIndianEthnic group:Population size1,412,958% of total population2.52%Pakistani1,124,5112.01%50.95%% Male% aged 50 and over23.06%% aged 50 and over13.05%% aged 65 and over8.14%% aged 65 and over4.40%% aged under 15Median age% aged under 1518.11%Median age32.951.24%31.25%25.8The Indian ethnic group is the third largest inEngland and Wales and is also the second oldestnon‐white group after Black Africans. Nearly onehalf of Indians are aged 33 and over and nearlyone quarter (23%) are aged 50 and over.The Pakistani ethnic group is comparable in sizeto the Indian ethnic group but with a youngerpopulation structure. Nearly one third (31%) ofPakistanis are under the age of 15 while only 4%are aged 65 and over.Ethnic group:Population sizeEthnic group:Population size% of total populationBangladeshi447,201% of total population0.80%Chinese393,1410.70%% Male51.63%% Male47.32%% aged 50 and over10.08%% aged 50 and over17.36%% aged 65 and over3.71%% aged 65 and over5.05%% aged under 15Median age% aged under 1532.83%Median age24.3Although much smaller in number, theBangladeshi ethnic group has a similar agestructure to the Pakistani ethnic group withnearly one third (33%) under the age of 15. Theshortfall in men in the 60‐69 age groups may beexplained by losses in the 1971 war ofindependence.11.79%28.7The age structure of the Chinese ethnic group iscompatible with a population whose growth isdriven by inward migration rather than births.The disproportionately large numbers in the 20‐24 age group may reflect the Chinese studentpopulation.6
Ethnic group:Population size% of total population% MaleOther AsianEthnic group:Population size835,720% of total population1.49%Black African989,6281.76%48.72%% Male% aged 50 and over15.97%% aged 50 and over10.52%% aged 65 and over4.58%% aged 65 and over2.42%% aged under 15Median age% aged under 1521.38%Median age31.648.48%28.44%28.0The ‘Other Asian’ ethnic groups taken together,have, on average, a similar age to the Indianethnic group but with a much smaller proportionof members over the ages of 50 and 65.The Black African ethnic group shows a wellestablished ‘mature’ population structure butwith recent births reflecting the numbers of child‐bearing ageEthnic group:Population sizeEthnic group:Population size% of total populationBlack Caribbean594,825% of total population1.06%Other Black280,4370.50%% Male46.56%% Male50.44%% aged 50 and over30.16%% aged 50 and over10.43%% aged 65 and over13.93%% aged 65 and over3.12%% aged under 1516.11%% aged under 15Median ageMedian age40.7Black Caribbeans form, on average, the oldestnon‐white ethnic group. The disproportionatelylarge numbers in the 40 – 54 age range, mayreflect an earlier peak of inward migration around1990.36.22%23.7‘Other Black’s encompass, overall, a smaller andmuch younger set of ethnic groups but with thesame disproportionate peak in numbers in the 40– 49 age range which may reflect a temporarypeak in inward migration in the late 1980s andearly 1990s.7
Ethnic group:Population size% of total population% MaleArabEthnic group:Population size230,600% of total population0.41%Other333,0960.59%58.17%% Male% aged 50 and over12.06%% aged 50 and over17.52%% aged 65 and over3.40%% aged 65 and over5.42%% aged under 15Median age% aged under 1527.32%Median age27.5The Arab ethnic group, included for the first timein the 2011 census, has many more men thanwomen, particularly for those of ‘working’ age, 15‐ 64.53.57%19.34%31.7The ‘Other’ ethnic group covers many differentsmaller ethnicities. It is heterogeneous but againthis group shows a predominance of males,particularly for young adults in the 20 – 39 agerange.The ethnic minority populations of England and Wales are, on average, younger than the majorityWhite British population. They therefore tend to make less use of health and care services otherthan maternity services. For example, on the assumption that the prevalence of dementia isdependent only on age and gender but not ethnicity we can estimate that, in 2011, only 7% of the668,640 dementia cases in England and Wales occurred in the ethnic minority populations. Thissituation will however change significantly as these populations age. 55Lievesley N, The Future Ageing of the Ethnic Minority Population of England and Wales, CPA / Runnymede, 20108
The Centre for Policy on Ageing was set up by the Nuffield Foundation in 1947 and, in 2012, celebrated 65 years of policy analysis and information provision on older age issues during which . at home, ancestral country of birth, skin colour, national or geographical origin, racial group and religion. . The Indian ethnic group is the third .
