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Guide to American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style, 10th EditionGeneral Notes about References (p40-41) Purposes of references: documentation, acknowledgement, & directing/linking the reader to more informationALL authors are responsible for ALL reference citationsAlways consult primary source and never cite a reference you yourself have not readWhatever reference style is used (e.g. AMA, NLM), consistency is imperativeFormatting Citations (p39-71) 11-3Each reference is separated into bibliographic groups by a period. Within each group, commas, semi-colons, or colons are used.Authors: Use authors’ surname followed by their initials without periods. If there are 6 authors, all should be named. If thereare 6 authors, list the first 3 followed by “et al.” Roman numerals and “Jr/Sr” follow the initials. Original spelling andcapitalization of surnames with prefixes or particles (e.g. von, de, La, van) are retained.Titles: Retain the spelling, abbreviations, style (e.g. capitalization) of the original title (including numbers). Exception: numbersat the beginning of the title should be spelled out (except specific years (e.g. 1948).Journal: Use NLM-abbreviated titles (e.g. N Engl J Med). Search titles here: formation about abbreviated titles: le.html.Citation TypeFormatExampleJournal article(print)Author(s). Title. Journal. Year;Volume(Issue):Pagenumber(s).Journal article(online)1. With URL2. With DOI3. Publishedahead ofprintAuthor(s). Title. Journal. Year;Volume(Issue):Pagenumber(s). URL. Published date. Updated date.Accessed date.Book chapter(print)Book chapter(online)Book (print)Rainer S, Thomas D, Tokarz D, et al. Myofibrillogenesisregulator 1 gene mutations cause paroxysmal dystonicchoreoathetosis. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(7):1025-1029.Duchin JS. Can preparedness for biological terrorism saveus from pertussis? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.2004;158(2):106-107. /106. Accessed June 1,2004.Author(s). Title. Journal. Year;Volume(Issue):Pagenumber(s). DOI.Smeeth L, Iliffe S. Community screening for visualimpairment in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2002;(2):CD001054. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD1001054.Author(s). Title [published online ahead of printdate]. Journal. Year;Volume(Issue):Page number(s).DOI.Chapter author(s). Chapter title. In: Book author(s)or editor(s). Book title. Volume number and title.stEdition number (do not indicate 1 edition). Placeof publication: Publisher; Year:Page number(s).Chapter author(s). Chapter title. In: Book author(s)or editor(s). Book title. Volume number and title.stEdition number (do not indicate 1 edition). Placeof publication: Publisher; Year:Page number(s).URL. Accessed date.van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, et al. Identification ofa new human coronavirus [published ahead of printMarch 21, 2004]. Nat Med. doi:10.1038.nm1024.Solensky R. Drug allergy: desensitization and treatmentof reactions to antibiotics and aspirin. In: Lockey P, ed.rdAllergens and Allergen Immunotherapy. 3 ed. New York,NY: Marcel Dekker; 2004:585-606.Resnik NM. Geriatric medicine. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS,Isselbacher KJ, et al, eds. Harrison’s Online. Based on:Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Longo DL,Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of InternalthMedicine. 15 ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ion/harrisoninfo.html. Accessed December 6, 2005.Adkinson N, Yunginger J, Busse W, Bochner B, Holgate S,Middleton E, eds. Middleton’s Allergy: Principles andthPractice. 6 ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2003.Book author(s) or editor(s). Book title. Volumenumber and title. Edition number (do not indicatest1 edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year.Updated August 2014
Book (online)Book author(s) or editor(s). Book title. Volumenumber and title. Edition number (do not indicatest1 edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year.URL. Accessed date.WebsiteAuthor(s). Title of item cited. Name of Web site.URL. Published date. Updated date. Accessed date.Drug InformationDatabaseAuthor(s). Title of entry. In: Title of database[database online]. Place of publication: Publisher;Year. URL. Updated date. Accessed date.MonographAuthor(s). Monograph. In: Title of database[database online]. Place of publication: Publisher;Year. URL. Updated date. Accessed date.Government/OrganizationReportsAuthor(s). Title. Place of publication: Name ofissuing organization; Year. Page(s)/ publication/series numbers.Government/OrganizationReports (online)Author(s). Title. Place of publication: Name ofissuing organization; Year. Page(s)/ publication/series numbers. URL. Published date. Updated date.Accessed date.Drug. [package insert]. Place of manufacturing:Manufacturer; Year.Inventor(s), inventors; Company, assignee. Title.Patent number. Patent date.Package insertsPatentsUnpublishedMaterial (acceptedfor publication)UnpublishedMaterial (submittedfor publication)ConferencePresentationsAuthor(s). Title. Journal. In press.ConferencePresentations(online)Author(s). Title. Poster/Paper presented at:Meeting name; Date(s); Location. URL. Accesseddate.In-text only (author(s), unpublished data, date)Do not include in reference listAuthor(s). Title. Poster/Paper presented at:Meeting name; Date(s); Location.Lunney JR, Foley KM, Smith TJ, Gelband H, eds.Describing Death in America: What We Need to Know.Washington, DC: National Cancer Policy Board, Instituteof Medicine; essed December 6, 2005.Antimicrobial Resistance. Infectious Diseases Society ofAmerica.http://www.idsociety.org/Topic Antimicrobial Resistance/. Accessed July 21, 2014.Acetaminophen poisoning. In: DynaMed [databaseonline]. EBSCO Information Services. login.aspx?direct true&site DynaMed&id 113862. Updated March09, 2010. Accessed March 23, 2010.Minoxidil. In: Lexicomp, Lexi-Drugs [database online]. St.Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc; 2005. ction/doc/reretrie/docid/patch f/1799123. Updated July 8, 2014.Accessed July 24, 2014.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SexuallyTransmitted Disease Surveillance, 2000. Atlanta, GA:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept ofHealth and Human Services; 2000.World Health Organization. Equitable access to essentialmedicines: a framework for collective action.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO EDM 2004.4.pdf. Published March 2004. Accessed December 6, 2005.Cialis [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly & Co;2003.Guiliano K, Kapur R, inventors; Cellomics Inc, assignee.System for cell-based screening. US patent 6,875,578.March 15, 2005.Carrau RL, Khidr A, Crawley JA, Hillson EM, Davis JK,Pashos CL. The impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux onpatient-reported quality of life. Laryngoscope. In press.(H. E. Marman, MD, unpublished data, January 2005)Weber KJ, Lee J, Decresce R, Subjasis M, Prinz R.Intraoperative PTH monitoring in parathyroid hyperplasiarequires stricter criteria for success. Paper presented at:th25 Annual American Association of Endocrine SurgeonsMeeting; April 6, 2004; Charlottesville, VA.Chu H, Rosenthal M. Search engines for the World WideWeb: a comparative study and evaluation methodology.Paper presented at: American Society for InformationScience Annual Conference; October 19-24, 1996;Baltimore, MD. /chu.html. Accessed February26, 2004.Updated August 2014
1,4Reference List (p41-42)List references in numerical order (i.e. consecutively as they appear in the document/presentation; NOT alphabetical order)1. Hall JE, Brands MW. Intrarenal and circulating angiotensin II and renal function. In: RobertsonJIS, Nicholls MG, eds. The Renin-Angiotensin System. London: Gower Medical, 1993.2. Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and reninangiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation. 1991;83:1849-1865.3. Weber KT, Villarreal D. Aldosterone and antialdosterone therapy in congestive heart failure.Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:3A-11A4. Barr CS, Lang CC, Hanson J, Arnott M, Kennedy N, Struthers AD. Effects of addingspironolactone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in chronic congestive heartfailure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:1259-1265.5. Staessen J, Lijnen P, Fagard R, Verschueren LJ, Amery A. Rise in plasma concentration ofaldosterone during long-term angiotensin II suppression. J Endocrinol. 1981;91:457-465.During the draft phase of your document, it is often easiest to use parenthetical citations with the author’s last name as place-holdersuntil the document/presentation is complete; then put the citations in numerical order on the final versionDRAFTFINALAldosterone is known to be important in the pathophysiologyof heart failure.(Hall; Weber (1991); Weber (1993); Barr) Manyclinicians have assumed that angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors, by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I toangiotensin II, inhibit the production of aldosterone. Increasingevidence, however, suggests that currently recommended andusual doses of ACE inhibitors do not completely suppressaldosterone production.(Staessen)Aldosterone is known to be important in the pathophysiologyof heart failure.1-4 Many clinicians have assumed thatangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, by inhibitingthe conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, inhibit theproduction of aldosterone. Increasing evidence, however,suggests that currently recommended and usual doses of ACEinhibitors do not completely suppress aldosterone production.51,4Numbering (p42-44)Number references consecutively with superscript ArabicPlace superscript numerals outside periods and commas,numerals, including text, tables, or figuresinside colons and semicolonsAldosterone is known to be important in the pathophysiologyof heart failure.1-4 Many clinicians have assumed thatangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, by inhibitingthe conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, inhibit theproduction of aldosterone. Increasing evidence, however,suggests that currently recommended and usual doses of ACEinhibitors do not completely suppress aldosterone production.5For 2 or more references cited at a given place: Use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of aclosed seriesCitation1-4 Use commas without a space to separate other partsof a multiple citationCitation1-2,4 If a multiple citation involves many references andcreates the appearance of a hole (usually 20-25characters or more), use an asterisk in the text andgive the citation in a on1,2;Do NOT place a superscript reference immediately after anumber or abbreviated unit of measureTable 13; 50 m2You may cite page numbers within superscript referenceCitation2(p67),3Be sure to cite often enough throughout thedocument/presentation so that the reader can know whereyou got the information, but be careful not to cite too often(i.e. do not only include your list of references and not citethroughout; if several consecutive sentences are from thesame reference, you may only cite the first sentence)Citation1,3,5-7,10-13,15,18,19,21 Citation*Updated August 2014
1In-Text Citations (p41)Citations for references not yet accepted for publication or personal communications (oral, written, and electronic) should NOT beincluded in the reference list, but should be included parenthetically in the textAs described in recent literature (H. E. Marman, MD, unpublished data, January 2005) In a conversation with Dr. Smith (October 2009) According to Dr. Kostrzewa (Introduction to Tertiary References lecture, September2013, Concordia University Wisconsin, School of Pharmacy) Other in-text citations for references that should be included in a reference list are not common in most professional documents(except presentations, see below) and should be reserved for circumstances where reference lists are not used (e.g. news articles)1,5PowerPoint PresentationsAMA does not provide official guidance on PowerPoint presentations. However, just like any other piece of work, it is important togive credit to your sources.At a minimum, all presentations should include a reference slide at the end AMA formated citations (may or may not be numbered).(Kostrzewa, Geriatric Psychiatry, April 2014, Concordia University Wisconsin, School of Pharmacy)Ideally, you should also cite individual slides. There are several ways to do this. Make sure to ask your instructor what they preferbefore formatting your citations. Two possible examples are given here:SuperscriptIn-text(in numerical order; much correspond with reference list) (Bottom of slide; in parentheses; may be smaller font)Book: (Author*, Year, Page(s))*Surname only; if 2, list both; if 2, list first “et al”Journal: (Journal [abbreviated]. Year;Volume(Issue):Page(s))Updated August 2014
1,5,6Professional PostersFollow AMA rules above. Typically, there is a reference section in the bottom left or right corner of the poster and the font size isoften smaller than the rest of the poster .3.4.5.6.Iverson C. References. In: Iverson C et al. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 10th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.;2007:39-79.NLM Catalog: Journals referenced in the NCBI Databases. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of urnals. Accessed July 25, 2014.Fact Sheet: Construction of the National Library of Medicine Title Abbreviations. National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of nstructitle.html. Published May 23, 2007. Updated March 10, 2014. Accessed July 25, 2014.Pitt B, Pierard LA, Bilge A, et al. Effectiveness of Spironolactone Added to an Angiotgensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and a Loop Diuretic for SevereChronic Congestive Heart Failure (The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study [RALES]). Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:902-907.Kostrzewa A, Smith E, Daniels A, Antonopoulos J, Karczewski C, Kotz K. Optimizing Medication Reconciliation Communication between Hospital andNursing Home Upon Discharge. Poster presented at: University HealthSystem Consortium Conference; December 2012; Las Vegas, NV.Valdovinos K, Kostrzewa A, Harrison L, Paly E. Effect of an inter-professional project on pharmacy and physical therapy student’s readiness for interprofessional learning. Poster presented at: AACP Annual Meeting; July 26-30, 2014. Grapevine, TX.If you have any questions about referencing or the AMA format, please contact your course coordinator orAudrey Kostrzewa, PharmD, MPH at [email protected] or 262-243-2750Updated August 2014
Guide to American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style, 10th Edition Purposes of references: documentation, acknowledgement, & directing/linking the reader to more information ALL authors are responsible for ALL reference citations Always consult primary sou
